1) Contrast is used to show Joe’s conflicting feelings and experiences in this chapter. Joe uses the contrast between the dark black void below and the bright white light of the sky above, Joe describes himself caught between the two having to choose whether to climb up into the light and survive or to fall to his death and demise.
2) The rope in the text shows the connection and accountability that exists between Joe and Simon. and when Simon cuts the rope this connection gets destroyed. and when Joe is in the void and he tugs on the loose rope and it falls into the gap Joe feels a great sense of dread and betrayal.

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